Summary
Feb 7, 2010 Inhye Park
According to L. Burns in “The First Ladies as Political Interloper, 1980-2001” in “First Ladies and the Fourth Estate”, 2008, pages 129-153, the first ladies of this era were confronted with criticism owing to their increased political influence. That is, the author pointed out that American society was disputing about the first ladies’ proper position in politics and culture. First, she revealed that “New Traditionalism” (Burns, 2008, p.133) emerged as the resistance to feminism of the previous era, which led to debate about the role of the first ladies in political area. Also, she indicated that the first ladies of this era were compelled to perform more traditional gender role in order to avoid the controversy over their political roles. Furthermore, she scrutinized that the roles of the first ladies as presidential advisor, political activists, and independent advocate were regarded as violating the first lady’s boundary, but on the other hand the first ladies’ influence were restricted to helpmate or protector as an extension of the helpmate. What’s more, she disclosed that the press limited their influence to women’s issues, criticizing the first ladies for their private influence and their political ambition. Finally, she accentuated that the political influence of the first ladies induced the heated debate about their “hidden power” (Burns, 2003, p.130).
Critique
According to L. Burns in “The First Ladies as Political Interloper, 1980-2001”, the first ladies of this era were faced with a question concerning their extended influence as political women. First, the author accounted for the social background of the American society at the end of the twentieth century, which contributes to rationalize the new demand as to the roles of first ladies and ultimately attributes to expand my knowledge as well. Furthermore, she articulated the renewed traditional idea of the first ladies enumerating specific examples, so that I comprehended the context of the American society without disconcerting. In addition, she classified the first ladies of this period into two groups as the level of their political influence, which is helpful to clear the differences between them. However, even though the author didn’t represent their standpoint directly as to the subject matter, she primarily focused on the negative aspects concerning the increased influence of the first ladies. That is, despite the fact that there were sufficient evidences which strengthen the subject matter, the author seldom dealt with their positive achievement. Also, the author still considered the matter from the press’ viewpoint. What’s more, since she largely aimed at disclosing the debate over the first ladies’ hidden power during the last decades of the twentieth century, it was not easy to predict the following generation.
Tuesday, February 9, 2010
Sunday, January 31, 2010
summary 3
Summary
Jan 31, 2010
In Hye Park
According to L. Burns in “The First Lady as Political Activist, 1964-1977” in “First Ladies and the Fourth Estate”, 2008, pages 102-128, the first ladies of this period performed more political activities than before, using their celebrity status. That is, the author pointed out that the first ladies as political activities were evolved from the first ladies as “public woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.111) and “political celebrity” (L. Burns, 2008, p.111). Specifically, she scrutinized that “second-wave of feminism” (L. Burns, 2008, p.107) due to social and political instability in the 1960s and 1970s incited more women to integrate into public and political area, disclosing social debate as to gender roles. Also, she indicated that the first ladies during this era upheld the feministic movement without denying women’s conventional roles. That is, the first ladies as “contemporary women” (L. Burns, 2008, p.108) balanced their domestic roles with their political performances. Especially, the author accentuated that the first ladies of this period performed more independent political roles such as political advisors, election activist, presidential substitute and social advocacy comparing to former first ladies. However, she also revealed that despite the extension of the first ladies’ influence, their interests were chiefly limited to women’s issues.
Furthermore, she pointed out that sometimes these first ladies’ performances were accused of abusing political power. Nonetheless, according to her, the first ladies’ political power of this era was not only acknowledged but also demanded.
Jan 31, 2010
In Hye Park
According to L. Burns in “The First Lady as Political Activist, 1964-1977” in “First Ladies and the Fourth Estate”, 2008, pages 102-128, the first ladies of this period performed more political activities than before, using their celebrity status. That is, the author pointed out that the first ladies as political activities were evolved from the first ladies as “public woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.111) and “political celebrity” (L. Burns, 2008, p.111). Specifically, she scrutinized that “second-wave of feminism” (L. Burns, 2008, p.107) due to social and political instability in the 1960s and 1970s incited more women to integrate into public and political area, disclosing social debate as to gender roles. Also, she indicated that the first ladies during this era upheld the feministic movement without denying women’s conventional roles. That is, the first ladies as “contemporary women” (L. Burns, 2008, p.108) balanced their domestic roles with their political performances. Especially, the author accentuated that the first ladies of this period performed more independent political roles such as political advisors, election activist, presidential substitute and social advocacy comparing to former first ladies. However, she also revealed that despite the extension of the first ladies’ influence, their interests were chiefly limited to women’s issues.
Furthermore, she pointed out that sometimes these first ladies’ performances were accused of abusing political power. Nonetheless, according to her, the first ladies’ political power of this era was not only acknowledged but also demanded.
Sunday, January 24, 2010
summary 2
Summary
Jan 24, 2010
In Hye Park
According to L. Burns in “The First Lady as Political celebrity, 1932-1961” in “First Ladies and the Fourth Estate”, 2008, pages 77-101, certain first ladies of this period were elevated to “political celebrity” (L. Burns, 2008, p.95) promoting the value of their domestic role as traditional woman. First, the author pointed out that first ladies of this period embodied their “domesticity ideology” (L. Burns, 2008, p.84) stressing an economic contribution of women’s housework. That is, according to the author, the first ladies publicly acknowledged social importance of women’s domestic roles, which was rare before this era. In addition, she indicated that mass media concentrated more on “domestic empowerment” (L. Burns, 2008, p.84), which ultimately involve the political influence. Furthermore, the author stated that the first ladies were more dedicated and supportive of their husband’s career as “two-career person” (L. Burns, 2008, p.90). In other words, they extended the range of their role from more traditional helpmate to public protector. Finally, the author focused on the first lady as celebrity. He indicated that the first ladies began to attract more public attention separately from their husband with development of mass media. They were attributed to role models of American woman from political activities to fashion style. Although the first ladies of this period were more active as “political celebrity” (L. Burns, 2008, p.95) performing various social roles, they still put more emphasis on the roles as housewives than the duties as first lady in public area.
Jan 24, 2010
In Hye Park
According to L. Burns in “The First Lady as Political celebrity, 1932-1961” in “First Ladies and the Fourth Estate”, 2008, pages 77-101, certain first ladies of this period were elevated to “political celebrity” (L. Burns, 2008, p.95) promoting the value of their domestic role as traditional woman. First, the author pointed out that first ladies of this period embodied their “domesticity ideology” (L. Burns, 2008, p.84) stressing an economic contribution of women’s housework. That is, according to the author, the first ladies publicly acknowledged social importance of women’s domestic roles, which was rare before this era. In addition, she indicated that mass media concentrated more on “domestic empowerment” (L. Burns, 2008, p.84), which ultimately involve the political influence. Furthermore, the author stated that the first ladies were more dedicated and supportive of their husband’s career as “two-career person” (L. Burns, 2008, p.90). In other words, they extended the range of their role from more traditional helpmate to public protector. Finally, the author focused on the first lady as celebrity. He indicated that the first ladies began to attract more public attention separately from their husband with development of mass media. They were attributed to role models of American woman from political activities to fashion style. Although the first ladies of this period were more active as “political celebrity” (L. Burns, 2008, p.95) performing various social roles, they still put more emphasis on the roles as housewives than the duties as first lady in public area.
Sunday, January 17, 2010
summary and words
Summary
Jan 17, 2010
In Hye Park
According to L. Burns in “The First Lady as Public Woman, 1900-1929” in “First Ladies and the Fourth Estate”, 2008, pages 42-62, first ladies performed not only traditional role but also the role of modern woman as “public woman”( L. Burns, 2008, p.44) between 1900 and 1929. Especially, the author focused on first lady’s new role as “public woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.44). First, she assumed social change of the modern era ultimately contributed to the expanding role of first lady as “public woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.47). Furthermore, the author clarified the political role in terms of “gender performance” (L. Burns, 2008, p.48). Specifically, she pointed out that first ladies personified “republican motherhood” (L. Burns, 2008, p.52) combining the notion of traditional “true woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.52) with modern “new woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.52). In addition, the author noted that the concept of first lady as “hostess” (L. Burns, 2008, p.55) was extended into “presidential partner” (L. Burns, 2008, p.54), which is crucial for her husband’s political career. Finally, she revealed that first lady’s new “public power” (L. Burns, 2008, p.56) attributes to represent the public stance as politically active woman, which was uncommon before this period. Especially, the role of “social advocacy” (L. Burns, 2008, p.59) was extended into framing a policy although the political influence was not direct. Hence, the author concluded that during this era first ladies conducted both politically public roles and conventional private roles simultaneously.
Vocabulary
Exalt (v.): to praise highly, honor
(=applaud, acclaim)
‘The reelection of McKinley would provide the American people a first lady who exalts mere womanliness above anything that women dare to do.’
Pertain (v.): to belong / be related to s.t.
(=be valid, be relevant)
‘Bryan’s mind is a storehouse of information on all subjects that pertain to her husband’s duty and ambition’
Embody (v.): to express, symbolize
(=personify, represent)
‘While turn-of-the-century first ladies such as McKinley and Roosevelt embodied true womanhood, their successors personified both true womanhood and the new woman, ‘despite the conflict in gender prescription.’
’
Prescription (n.): an order for medication / a formula, set of steps
(=instruction, direction)
‘While turn-of-the-century first ladies such as McKinley and Roosevelt embodied true womanhood, their successors personified both true womanhood and the new woman, ‘despite the conflict in gender prescription.’
Invoke (v.): to put on effect, to use / to call upon for help
(= appeal to, cite)
‘Like the president, journalist invoked republican motherhood in their discussion of women’s patriotism and wartime contributions and their newfound status’
Conflate (v.): to put two or more things together to make one new thing
(=be in harmony with, unite)
‘By conflating performances of the first lady position with gender performance,’
Reconcile (v.): to bring together people or idea that were separated, to harmonize
(=reunite, merge)
‘the ideal of republican motherhood (reconciling politics and domesticity) was often used to justify women’s political participation.’
Amplify (v.): to increase in sound level / to increase more information
(=intensify, strengthen)
‘a concept that would lead to double binds in later years as the press amplified their critique of first ladies’ performance.’
Stigma (n.): a mark of shame or disgrace
(=dishonor)
‘The positioning of first ladies as public figures in the political sphere neutralized the stigma associated with women’s public-sphere activity.’
Undermine (v.): to ruin the efforts of s.o.
(=weaken, damage)
‘Such gendered framing in some ways undermined their standing as independent public figures,’
Overt (adj.): public, not hidden, obvious
(=clear, evident)
‘their action were not seen as an overt attempt to challenge or change traditional gender roles.’
Disseminate (v.): to make known, to promulgate
(=distribute, spread)
‘Stories and images of first ladies were disseminated to a wide audience.’
Gauge (v.): to measure, to evaluate
(=estimate, test)
‘This form of personification framing is commonly used in profiles of candidates’ wives as a way to gauge their qualification’
Sphere (n.): a round object/ an area
(=field, subject)
‘The positioning of first ladies as public figures in the political sphere neutralized the stigma associated with women’s public-sphere activity.’
Amendment (n.): a change, a modification
(=alteration, adjustment)
‘The Nineteenth Amendment granted women vote in 1920, which boosted women’s formal political participation in governance. ’
Jan 17, 2010
In Hye Park
According to L. Burns in “The First Lady as Public Woman, 1900-1929” in “First Ladies and the Fourth Estate”, 2008, pages 42-62, first ladies performed not only traditional role but also the role of modern woman as “public woman”( L. Burns, 2008, p.44) between 1900 and 1929. Especially, the author focused on first lady’s new role as “public woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.44). First, she assumed social change of the modern era ultimately contributed to the expanding role of first lady as “public woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.47). Furthermore, the author clarified the political role in terms of “gender performance” (L. Burns, 2008, p.48). Specifically, she pointed out that first ladies personified “republican motherhood” (L. Burns, 2008, p.52) combining the notion of traditional “true woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.52) with modern “new woman” (L. Burns, 2008, p.52). In addition, the author noted that the concept of first lady as “hostess” (L. Burns, 2008, p.55) was extended into “presidential partner” (L. Burns, 2008, p.54), which is crucial for her husband’s political career. Finally, she revealed that first lady’s new “public power” (L. Burns, 2008, p.56) attributes to represent the public stance as politically active woman, which was uncommon before this period. Especially, the role of “social advocacy” (L. Burns, 2008, p.59) was extended into framing a policy although the political influence was not direct. Hence, the author concluded that during this era first ladies conducted both politically public roles and conventional private roles simultaneously.
Vocabulary
Exalt (v.): to praise highly, honor
(=applaud, acclaim)
‘The reelection of McKinley would provide the American people a first lady who exalts mere womanliness above anything that women dare to do.’
Pertain (v.): to belong / be related to s.t.
(=be valid, be relevant)
‘Bryan’s mind is a storehouse of information on all subjects that pertain to her husband’s duty and ambition’
Embody (v.): to express, symbolize
(=personify, represent)
‘While turn-of-the-century first ladies such as McKinley and Roosevelt embodied true womanhood, their successors personified both true womanhood and the new woman, ‘despite the conflict in gender prescription.’
’
Prescription (n.): an order for medication / a formula, set of steps
(=instruction, direction)
‘While turn-of-the-century first ladies such as McKinley and Roosevelt embodied true womanhood, their successors personified both true womanhood and the new woman, ‘despite the conflict in gender prescription.’
Invoke (v.): to put on effect, to use / to call upon for help
(= appeal to, cite)
‘Like the president, journalist invoked republican motherhood in their discussion of women’s patriotism and wartime contributions and their newfound status’
Conflate (v.): to put two or more things together to make one new thing
(=be in harmony with, unite)
‘By conflating performances of the first lady position with gender performance,’
Reconcile (v.): to bring together people or idea that were separated, to harmonize
(=reunite, merge)
‘the ideal of republican motherhood (reconciling politics and domesticity) was often used to justify women’s political participation.’
Amplify (v.): to increase in sound level / to increase more information
(=intensify, strengthen)
‘a concept that would lead to double binds in later years as the press amplified their critique of first ladies’ performance.’
Stigma (n.): a mark of shame or disgrace
(=dishonor)
‘The positioning of first ladies as public figures in the political sphere neutralized the stigma associated with women’s public-sphere activity.’
Undermine (v.): to ruin the efforts of s.o.
(=weaken, damage)
‘Such gendered framing in some ways undermined their standing as independent public figures,’
Overt (adj.): public, not hidden, obvious
(=clear, evident)
‘their action were not seen as an overt attempt to challenge or change traditional gender roles.’
Disseminate (v.): to make known, to promulgate
(=distribute, spread)
‘Stories and images of first ladies were disseminated to a wide audience.’
Gauge (v.): to measure, to evaluate
(=estimate, test)
‘This form of personification framing is commonly used in profiles of candidates’ wives as a way to gauge their qualification’
Sphere (n.): a round object/ an area
(=field, subject)
‘The positioning of first ladies as public figures in the political sphere neutralized the stigma associated with women’s public-sphere activity.’
Amendment (n.): a change, a modification
(=alteration, adjustment)
‘The Nineteenth Amendment granted women vote in 1920, which boosted women’s formal political participation in governance. ’
Monday, January 11, 2010
i'm inhye~
hi,everyone~^-^
i'm inhye. i'm from Korea, and i've been in Canada for 6 month.
i've lived with my uncle here.
i graduated from university in Korea.
my major is politics, and second one is education.
now i'm planning to get master degree of linguistic in Toronto.
i like eating all kinds of food around world watching a musical and play.
nice to meet u, everyone~
i hope we enjoy this class together.
good luck to all of us~
i'm inhye. i'm from Korea, and i've been in Canada for 6 month.
i've lived with my uncle here.
i graduated from university in Korea.
my major is politics, and second one is education.
now i'm planning to get master degree of linguistic in Toronto.
i like eating all kinds of food around world watching a musical and play.
nice to meet u, everyone~
i hope we enjoy this class together.
good luck to all of us~
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